Coupleticism-Meaning and Defination

Shayri


Urdu Poetry or Shaayaree, essentially comprises couplet, or Sher. The plural for Sher is Ashaar. The form ghazal is a collection of mulitiple ashaar - each of which should convey a complete thought without any reference to other shayari of the same ghazal. In fact, though belonging to the same ghazal, the different ashaar therein can have completely different meaning and tone relative to one another.

Sher


(Couplet). It consists of two lines (misra); first line is called 'misra-e-oola' and the second is called 'MISRA-E-SANI'. Each verse embodies a single thought or subject (sing): Sher, Shero, Shayari, Shyari, Shayri.


Bait-ul-Ghazal


The best Sher in a Ghazal.


Example- a Shēr (couplet by poet Majrooh Sultanpuri as given below.

"mai. akelā hī chalā thā zānīb-ē-manzīl magar lōg sāth ātē gayē aur kāravā banatā gayā"


(I started all alone towards the goal but people kept joining and it began to turn into a karavan)


Urdu Ghazal

The Ghazal is an ode. The literal meaning of the word "ghazal" is "to converse with the beloved".

Etymologically, it comes from the Arabic word Ghizaal, meaning gazelle. It is a poem containing a minimum of 5 verses and maximum 25. The opening verse of the ghazal is called matla and both hemistiches rhyme with one another. The last verse of the ghazal is a maqta, which usually contains the penname of the poet. Most of Persian and Urdu writers have earned fame as ghazal writers. Ghazal is the soul of Urdu literature and most popular form of Urdu poetry.


The following is an example of sher, composed by Mirza Ghalib:


nahii.n ki mujhko qayaamat kaa etiqaad nahii.n
shab-e-firaaq se roz-e-jazaa ziyaad nahii.n

It is not that I do not have faith in (the pains of) the day of judgement, But the night of separation is not less than the day of judgement.

What the poet is trying to say is that he trusts that the day of judgement would be very painful, as it has been described in Qur'an and Hadith; however, this night of separation from his beloved is not less painful than the day of judgement.


A better example of ghazal is shown below from two couplets of Baqa Akbarabadi*, a contemporary of Meer Taqi Meer, from a ghazal written in the classical conversational form, that is, a dialogue between the lover and the beloved. This traditional form, as seen in Hafiz Shirazi's works in old Persian poetry, does seldom appear in contemporary Urdu works.Today we have only few good ghazal writers it includes dr asif husain Tahir faraz,Iqbal ashar,Naseem nikhat ETC.


Kaha main ne! Sila meri wafa ka tujhsey kya nikla?
Kaha us ne! Nateeja dil lagane ka, bura nikla?
Kaha main ne! Wajah koi teri is be-wafaai ki?
Kaha us ne! Fida mujhpar koi, tujhsey siwa nikla!


Said I! What return did my love get back from you?
Said she! Did indeed your heart have a bad experience?
Said I! What caused this unfaithfulness of yours?
Said she! Someone more enchanted than you has shown up!
source:-*Diwaan e Baqa Akbarabadi, Nizami Press Kanpur India 1932. Kutubkhana Anjuman Taraqqi Urdu. Hyderabad. India.

Fard


Composition of only a single SHER, Shero-Shayari, Shyari, Shayri is called FARD.


"mere bachche mujhe boodha nahin hone dete"




Hamd


Written in praise of ALLAH


ai do jahan ke wali, ai gulshanon ke mali, her cheese se hai zahir, hikmat teri nirali'.

"Arham-ur-Raahimeen(the greatest of all in mercifulness)-sonnets is the first collection of Hamdia sonnets by Tanwir Phool(cf.S.No.7 of "opinion of others" available at [1].The above book and another notable collection of Hamdia poetry "Zaboor-e-Sukhan(the Psalms of Poetry)" by Tanwir Phool,have been published by Jahan-e-Hamd Publications,Urdu Bazar, Karachi,(Pakistan).

Hijv


(Satire). A poem written to condemn or to abuse a person. This form of poetry is considered of low type and which is usually avoided by reputed poets. The exact opposite of HIJV is MADAH which is a poem written in praise of Kings and Patrons.


Matla


Rhyming of the first two lines of a GHAZAL is called HUSN-E-MATLA.


Madah


Poem written in praise of Kings and Patrons.

Manqabat

Poem written in praise of Ahle-E-Bait (the members of the family of Prophet Muhammad) or Sahaaba(companions of the Prophet)


LaayaiN kahaaN se Saani-e-Asnain kaa jawaab ! ! Boobakr hainN Rasool ke pahlu maiN mahv-e-khwaab
(From "Anwaar-e-Hira" by Tanwir Phool)

Maqta


The last line of a GHAZAL or a poem which generally contains the poet's pen-name.


Didaray mustafa ka karina mujhe dedoo Sara gaha lailoo mujhe madina dedoo


Samat fermmayiye

Mera Dil tadap raha hai Mera Jal raha hai sina yeh dawa wahi milegi Mujhe lailoo chloo Madina Madina Madina


Masnawi

A long epic poem describing the battles fought long ago and past events. It may also contain philosophical or ethical themes. The most famous MASNAWIS are Shah-Namah of Firdosi, Masnavi-E-Roomi in Persian language and Zehar-E-Ishq in Urdu.


Matla


The opening SHER of a GHAZAL.


Misra


One line of a couplet, or verse.


Munajat


A lyrical poem as prayer to God.


Khudaawand-e-doaalam ! benawaaoN ki duaa sun lay! Tujhi se multaji ham haiN,hamaari iltijaa sun lay
(From "Anwaar-e-Hira" by Tanwir Phool)

Musaddas


Each unit consists of 6 lines (Misra). Most famous writer of this type of poem is Maulana Altaf Husain Hali.


Naat

Verses written in praise of Prophet Muhammad.






Yeh kaainaat Shah-e-bahr-o-bar kaa sadqa hai JahaaN maiN jo bhi hai,Khair-ul-bashar kaa sadqa hai Nabi ke naam se raushan hai mash'al-e-eemaaN DiloN maiN noor, Muhammad ke dar kaa sadqa hai Chaman maiN Naat ke aie Phool! hai bahaar aayee Yeh baagh-e-Taiba ke nakhl-o-samar kaa sadqa hai Falak par chaand taaroN se raqam ism-e-Muhammad hai Suno tum,daafa-e-ranj-o-alam, ism-e-Muhammad hai BaRa zeeshaan Un kaa naam hai saari khalaaiq maiN Khuda kaa naam hai,phir muhtaram ism-e-Muhammad hai
(From "Qindeel-e-Hira (poems)" by Tanwir Phool)

Nazm

The literary meaning of Nazm is Poetry (cf. Nasr, or Prose) A poem fully dealing with a single subject or thought.


Qafia


Rhyming of the last words of a poem.


Qasida


(Ballad). It is a long poem in Urdu, Persian or Arabic which usually describes battles or written in praise of kings; princes or the poet's patron. There is no limit of verses; it may even go beyond hundred lines.


Qat'a

(Fragments). It has two Ashaar and has a one complete subject. Plural Qita'at.


Radeef


(End rhyme). Each SHER or couplet of GHAZAL in addition to QAFIA may also have RADEEF which is rhyming of more than the last two or three words.


Ruba'i


Persian word for Quatrain. Contains only 4 lines, the third one being different from the other three as it should not have QAFIA and RADEEF. RUBA'I deals with social, philosophical and romantic subjects. In Persian language Umar Khayyam is supposed to be a great poet of RUBAIYY A T whereas in Urdu Yagana, Firaq and Josh are leading poets of this time and Anis, an old time poet.




MaiN khud hi saNwaarooN gaa jahaaN ki basti MaiN baRh ke badal dooN gaa nizaam-e-hasti! Jannat se nikalwaa diya ShaitaaN! too ney ! Aur auj ke badle maiN dilaa dee pasti
(From "Anwaar-e-Hira",by Tanwir Phool)


Salam


(Literal meaning Salutation) It is a kind of poem in which the incidents of Karbala i.e. hardships of Imam Husain and his followers are described It is also written in praise of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and is recited by standing up.






Shaheed ho geyaa Lakht-e-Dil-e-Nabi,daikho! Sipaah-e-Shaam ki pur zulm kaj rawi daikho ! ! Husain karne gaye thay na iqtidaar ki jang! YaqeeN naheeN hai to bachchoN ki hamrahi daikho Khuda ki Hamd,Nabi ki Sana,Salam-e-Husain ! Yahi hai Phool kaa rang-e-sukhanwari daikho
(Tanwir Phool)


Sehra


A song sung at the time of tying Sehra during wedding ceremony, praising the bride or the bridegroom and their relatives.


Shehr Ashob


Ek Bekasi Hai Hijr Ke Maaron Ke Saath Saath .... Tutaa Hai Mera Dil Bhi Saharon Ke Saath Saath .... Jee Bhar Ke Dekhne Bhi Na Paaye They Chup Gaye .... Armaan Bhi Hain Udas Nazaron Ke Saath Saath .... Dil Main Wafur-e-Shauq Ka Tufaan Liye Hue .... Khamosh Jagta Hoon Sitaaron Ke Saath Saath .... Itni To Mahviyat Ho Tasawur Main Tere Dost .... Khud Ko Bhi Bhul Jaun Nazaron Ke Saath Saath .... Ye Aag Ishq Ki Phir Bhi Na Bujh Saki .... Hai Dil Main Ashk-e-Gham Bhi Sharun Ke Saath Saath ....


Tah-Tul-Lafz


The manner of reciting a poem; like rhythmic prose i.e. without singing; word for word. And, when a poem is sung, its tune is called TARANNUM.


Takhallus


A name adopted by a poet, by which he is known in the literary world.


Wasokht


Literal meaning 'displeasure' or 'disgust'. A kind of poem in which the displeasure and carelessness of a lover is narrated; while relinquishing the beloved.


Geet


Song or hymn.See this link for example:


dil jo maghroor haseena se lagaya jaye, goya toofan me charagon ko jalaya jaye. husn aur ishq ka rishta yun nibha ya jaye, koi bhe khouf-o-khatar dil me na laya jaye. ret ka ghar labe sahil na banaya jaye, kise sang dil se kabhe dil na lagaya jaye. wo qayamat ki ghare ho ge a-chanak jo kise sar se masoom ke ma baap ka saya jaye. arsh ke paye hila dete hai mazloom ki aah kise mazloom ke dil ko na dukhaya jaye. samne tegh ho sooli ho safe dushman ho farz ki raah me qadmo ko baraha ya jaye. apne ayebon ko chchupa lete hain sab hi "SAHIR" aib auron ka jahan tak ho chchupaya jaye.






Qawwali


Sufi music expressing the love and oneness with God or Prophet Muhammad and his companions sung by a group of people to the accompaniment of musical instruments. Now-a-days, it has taken popular form covering subjects of romance, liquor, etc.